Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications: Simulation Models of Secondary Batteries: From Quantum Physics to Techno-economic Scale gives an overview of the different modeling approaches for battery simulation models used for different purposes, such as battery pack design or state of charge estimation. Solutions for different applications are presented, and a classification into electrical, thermal, aging models is given, along with degree of precision ranging from physico-chemical, over impedance based to energy flow or empirical models with their specific advantages and disadvantages.

In applications such as a vehicle energy management, it is important to know the state of the battery, e.g., what is the remaining driving range or when should the battery be replaced.