Nanotechnology, the science and technology of objects and phenomena at the 1-100 nm length scales, is an iconic example of how the United States has leveraged national science and technology policy to lead in the highly competitive global research market. Two decades after authorization of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, or NNI, the United States can claim multiple Nobel Prizes and diverse technologies that are the envy of the world.

This report assesses the current state of nanotechnology, detailing the impact on U.S. economic prosperity and national security, and then considers whether and in what form the NNI should continue. Quadrennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative makes recommendations to sustain and expand the nanotechnology infrastructure, including human capital, cutting-edge tools, and shared facilities, so that the nation's nanotechnology innovation and discovery can remain the best in the world.