Ionic Liquids (ILs) are now a world-wide phenomenon and have emerged from being viewed only as novel replacements for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) traditionally used as industrial solvents, into designer materials with incredible untapped potential in a wide variety of fundamental scientific and technological areas. The current series of ACS symposia dedicated to ionic liquids and the resulting books are intended to change the way people think about ionic liquids and introduce the international audience to the many new possible applications for ionic liquids. The presentations and chapters will delve more deeply into the fundamental nature of ionic liquids responsible for their fascinating behavior.