The phytochemicals, particularly bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, have revealed their diverse roles in human health, from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to anticancer and antimicrobial effects. This book explores how the latest genomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics methodologies enhance our understanding of plant secondary metabolites and their pharmacological potential. Through these technological innovations, researchers can now identify new bioactive molecules more efficiently and accurately than ever before. This volume highlights the intersections between traditional knowledge and modern scientific advancements. Many of the discoveries discussed here build upon ancient wisdom, validating the therapeutic potential of plants used for centuries in indigenous and folk medicine.