Biodiversity and Ecology of Lepidoptera - Insights and Advances presents a comprehensive overview of the order of winged insects known as Lepidoptera. It is organized into two sections and seven chapters. Section 1, "Lepidoptera: Behavioural Diversity", explores the myriad challenges faced by Lepidoptera globally. In the twenty-first century, the most pressing issue confronting them is the decline in biodiversity, necessitating the essential restoration of ecosystems. Concurrently, Lepidoptera exhibit mastery in camouflage and mimicry, enabling them to evade detection by predators and parasites, providing a reproductive advantage. This section also delves into gynandromorphy behavior, where individuals develop a mosaic of both male and female traits, with the left and right halves of the body displaying different sexes. Additionally, it reviews recent advances in non-coding RNAs, elucidating their role in regulating gene expression through chromosomes and their significance in the overall developmental process of Lepidoptera. Section 2, "Moths: Bioecology and Genetics", commences with the mapping of flight paths for feeding, reproduction, and pollination occurrence in hawkmoths in the family Sphingidae. The section then reveals the features of invasion into various ecosystems by five invasive leafminer moth species of the family Gracillariidae). Furthermore, it discusses the degree of genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 13 breeds of the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.).