Edmund Burke III is Professor, Presidental Chair, and Director of the Center for World History at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and coeditor, with David N. Yaghoubian, of "Struggle and Survival in the Modern Middle East "(second editon, UC Press). Kenneth Pomeranz is Chancellor's Professor of History at the University of California, Irvine, and author of "The Great Divergence, "among other books.