This book covers the latest developments towards the reduction of environmental impacts and greenhouse emissions in the fields of petroleum production and refining, petrochemical production, and biofuels production. Additionally, the book examines the reconfiguration of refineries to convert carbon residual into middle distillates and especially light olefins to provide feed for the petrochemical industry. The conversion of every barrel of very heavy oils into very light products is particularly important now that energy and GHG intensive heavy oil production is on the rise. Finally, methods of carbon capture and sequestration during the petroleum production and refining and consumption of petroleum fuels are covered leading to the identification of prospects, issues, and gaps in the path towards more sustainable production and refining.