Focusing, although not exclusively, in the first decade of independent Mozambique, with incidences to the turn of the millennium, this research essentially aims an economic, political and demographic analysis of the interrelationship between the population and development, in that country. Therefore, a reflection on the antinomy of the development / underdevelopment, according to various conceptions, follows the methodological and epistemological framing, moving then to a general characterization of independent Mozambique, before focusing on the relationship between the population and development. Through the analysis of several, carefully identified, defined and interlinked indicators, it tries to delineate the social, economic, political and demographic situation of the country, with the construction of a Sustainable Human Development Index for Mozambique, which allows comparisons with the other countries in the region and the World.