This book provides an in-depth knowledge of material sciences. It studies the basic structure, application, production, formation, and modifications of some of the materials that are very useful in different sectors of engineering and sciences. This book is a guide for engineering students, as well as physicists or researchers who specialize in materials but who, nevertheless, wish to be aware of recent developments in this discipline. This book documents the current advances and researches in this field and aims to facilitate the growth of this discipline.