The Civil War recounts Caesar's conflict against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate from 49-48 BC. Divided into three books, Caesar narrates his journey from Gaul to Italy, detailing his clashes with Pompeius, including the decisive Battle of Pharsalus. The narrative reveals Caesar's attempts at reconciliation, Pompeius's retreat to Greece, and the subsequent pursuit by Caesar. The book culminates with Pompeius's death in Egypt and Caesar's justification for occupying the region.

The Civil War offers insight into the political intrigues, military strategies, and personal motivations of key figures such as Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Through Caesar's perspective, readers witness the breakdown of the First Triumvirate, the power struggles within the Senate, and the escalation of tensions that ultimately led to civil war. Rediscovered in the Middle Ages and republished during the Renaissance, it has continued to captivate scholars and readers alike, serving as a cornerstone in the study of ancient history and Latin literature.