This handbook provides technical guidelines for the planning, design and evaluation of wildlifecrossing structures and their associated measures (fencing, gates) that facilitate the safemovement of wildlife across roads and increase motorist safety. It has been prepared fortransportation, natural resource and land management agencies responsible for planning, designing and implementing measures for mitigating the impacts of roads on wildlifepopulations. Stakeholder and other groups involved in mitigation planning will also find thishandbook useful in their discussions with agencies.This handbook describes how to increase the effectiveness of established designs andrecommends ways to design for particular species and species groups in different landscapes.The guidelines can be used for wildlife crossings on new or existing highways, highwayexpansions (e.g., two-lane to four-lane) and bridge reconstruction projects. The response ofparticular wildlife species to these measures may vary across North America. Therefore, thedesign guidelines are intended to be generalized and a starting point for the future developmentof more regionalized, landscape-specific guidelines based on an adaptive management process.This handbook is the product of an extensive collection and synthesis of current literature, knowledge, and science-based data with regard to the current practices in wildlife crossingmitigation. This handbook provides a sound scientific basis for effective planning, policy andimplementation of mitigation aimed at reducing habitat fragmentation and mortality effects ofroads on wildlife populations. Recommended designs once implemented and their performanceevaluated through monitoring will serve to advance our understanding of the utility of differentwildlife crossing designs across North Americ