Following the first volume entitled Analogical Identities: The Creation of the Christian Self of a trilogy dedicated to Christian anthropology in a modern re-assessment, the present second volume deals with the specific content of this concept of "Analogical Identity" as a new hermeneutic retrieval of Christian anthropology in its relation with its historical roots and in the light of modern Philosophical and Psychological thought, to which we thus introduce some new conceptual tools. At the same time, a theological criticism of modern Philosophy and Psychology is initiated, and some new anthropological concepts of theological provenance are proposed.