The XVI International Numismatic Congress, held in Warsaw, Poland, in September 2022, was a landmark event, drawing the largest number of participants in its history. With over 550 papers presented during thematic sessions and round tables, this congress showcased the latest advancements and research in the field of numismatics from leading experts and scholars in their field. A curated selection of papers from the conference have now been drawn together into peer-reviewed conference proceedings, representing a comprehensive spectrum of numismatic studies from antiquity to modern times. Each paper is meticulously illustrated with high-quality images, often of unique specimens, along with detailed diagrams, maps, and die/typological chains. Topics covered include coins and coin finds, medals, tokens, banknotes, the history of collections and collecting, and cutting-edge chemical analyses and technologies used in coin examination. This volume, the last in four thematic volumes, comprises 55 chapters that explore modern numismatics, as well as medal making and tokens. It also includes discussions that touch more broadly on the general field of numismatics, among them digital numismatics, counterfeit coins, coin finds, and the history of coin collecting.