This insightful book, based on the investigation results of a collaboration project between China and South Africa supported by NSFC and NRF, offers a detailed exploration of the impacts of agricultural activities on groundwater quality. It provides an in-depth understanding of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater, the assessment of groundwater quality, and the intricacies of groundwater pollution. The book further delves into the effects of land use and land cover changes on groundwater pollution, presenting a comprehensive overview of human activities and their impacts on water resources. The book also presents a meticulous health risk assessment of groundwater contaminants, providing valuable insights for a range of readers, from public health officials to environmental scientists and policymakers. It outlines robust strategies for groundwater quality protection and management. The discussion on the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater contributes to a more holistic understanding of groundwater systems. This book is an essential resource for researchers, students, professionals in environmental science, hydrology, water resource management, policymakers, and public health officials. Its blend of theoretical knowledge and practical solutions serves as a guide for those aiming to protect and improve groundwater quality in the face of agricultural activities and climate change.