This Special Issue presents selected papers on various topics of computational linguistics and natural language processing from leading international experts. The topics range from sentiment analysis, linguistic profiling, and higher-order logical representation and methods to the decipherment of ancient scripts. The linguistic-profiling methods described in this Special Issue enable one to identify the salient features of poems and novels, classify various types of fiction as fables, myths, mystery, romance, thriller, legends, or science fiction, distinguish between human-written or machine-generated texts, and diagnose neuropsychiatric diseases. The Lindenmayer system and other higher-order logical representations have been used to describe complex linguistic phenomena and better communicate with chatbots. Finally, the decipherment of scripts has been considered in three papers, including one which investigates the Minoan Linear A script.