The book comprises of a general introduction on nano science, which aims to give the reader a solid foundation to nanomaterial synthesis, characterstics and its affect on functionality field of science and technology for multifarious applications. Chapter 1 focuses on challenges encountered by researchers in this field. Moreover, impact of nano science on the society is discussed briefly. Chapter 2 constitute two principal topics: nonmaterial synthesis routes, thin film synthesis, serving as useful background for the rest of the book. Chapter 3 describes characterisation techniques and working principles, which constitute the very heart of this book. Unquestionably, it is beyond the scope of the book to cover all properties and only some principal ones are covered which are highly useful to handle, visualise multidimensional nano material characteristics. Chapter 4 provides insight into the properties and physics of semiconductor materials. Chapter 5 is devoted to state-of-the-nano techniques, in which commercial applications of nanostructure in various industries is presented.