Conference papers have been widely used as an accredited CME activity, particularly papers presented in international and European conferences. Many academic institutions throughout the world are considering conference papers during the process of academic promotions.Iraq has been experiencing decades of dictatorship, governmental and academic corruption that reduced the contributions of physicians to the international scientific achievements and advances. This book includes a special research in medical education and history of medicine which aims at identifying Iraqi pediatricians' contributions by eminent papers to international and European conferences.