This book deals with the diversity, endemism and conservation of Neotropical birds. Each topic is illustrated with a number of well-supported examples from the scientific literature. A rigorous analysis is made of the main causes that have led to the extinction of several species and have caused the reduction of their populations. In addition, research and conservation efforts aimed at mitigating the critical state in which many bird species currently find themselves are described.There is a great lack of information on the subject, as there are no texts with these characteristics in the current literature, which address the diversity, endemism and conservation of birds in an integrated manner. Therefore, this book may be useful for both academics and the general public.Its purpose is to contribute to the knowledge on the diversity, endemism and conservation of birds.