????????21???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????*????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????21????????????This book systematically reviews the main advances in neuroscience since the beginning of the 21st century, looks forward to the trends, directions, and challenges of future neuroscience development, and elaborates in detail on the ideas and approaches for exploring neuroscience. The whole book takes the basic tasks, methodology, and current situation of neuroscience as the starting point. Firstly, it reviews the molecular and cellular level research related to neural conduction, transmission, and modulation. Then, it reviews some detection techniques and related applications for the overall and local circuits of the brain. It also introduces a series of recent research achievements around the mental function of the brain and its relationship with social behavior, *Afterwards, the author proposed his own opinions on the existing problems, new and noteworthy development trends, as well as the requirements for research quality in some basic topics of brain research. This book advocates for the integration of neuroscience research with clinical and social applications in neuroscience and psychiatry, utilizing various technical means to pay attention to the accuracy of molecular, cellular, and neural circuit level research, focusing on awareness and awareness issues in cognitive neuroscience, and striving to guide brain research in the 21st century