This report presents the best current evidence about what can make teacher-oriented reforms effective. It points to examples of reforms that have produced specific results, show promise or illustrate imaginative ways of implementing change. A striking contrast between the teaching profession in different countries is its status and the caliber of its recruits. Successful countries have shown how a teaching profession that assumes a high level of responsibility and is well rewarded can attract some of the best graduates into a teaching career. This publication summarizes the evidence that underpinned the first International Summit on the Teaching Profession held in New York in March 2011 and reflects on the lessons that have been learned. The promising avenues it explores not only include measures at recruitment stage, they also involve transforming the teaching profession from within. Contents: Chapter 1. Recruitment and initial preparation of teachers; Chapter 2. Teacher development, support, employment conditions and careers; Chapter 3. Teacher evaluation and compensation; Chapter 4. Teacher engagement in education reform