61% of respondents to a recent Eurobarometer survey on "Discrimination in the European Union" believe that discrimination based on skin colour is widespread. To address this, the European Commission launched the EU Anti-Racism Action Plan 2020-2025 and is now developing a post-2025 strategy that encourages EU countries to implement National Action Plans Against Racism (NAPARs). In this context, this report helps countries monitor and assess the impact of their NAPARs. The report first draws on a comprehensive review of academic literature to examine how bias-driven discrimination against visible minorities limits opportunities in education, school-to-work transition, employment, housing, and health. It then proposes indicators to measure this discrimination and suggests ways for countries to expand data collection on visible minorities, to enable more comprehensive monitoring of anti-racism efforts.