Cloud computing is a novel concept in distributed computing. Cloud computing has emerged into various phenomena, including edge computing, and fog computing is continuously evolving. Cloud computing is continuously transforming. Factors like artificial intelligence, Blockchain technology, IoT, etc. have helped to change the face of cloud computing, and at the same time, they have introduced various challenges and problems that need urgent redress [1]. With the emergence of cloud computing, a window of opportunity has opened that allows anyone to access super powered computing, with minimal effort and cost. Resource allocation or scheduling problems are not limited to cloud computing but have limitless applications. To facilitate this, there must be a setup of computing resources and a system or mechanism to control, manage, and distribute them to subscribers in a homogeneous manner. It introduces a problem called resource allocation or resource management. Resource allocation is the most basic and most important problem in cloud computing paradigm. It is often referred as the fundamental problem of cloud computing [2]. We have used various tools and techniques including design patterns, game theory, the Stackelberg game, the demand-supply principle, and technical analysis, etc. to solve the resource allocation problem. This chapter introduces the above tools, techniques, and concepts and relates them to their usefulness and applicability to this problem.