This study, Microorganisms and Sustainable Ecosystem in Nigeria Microorganisms, investigates the role of microorganisms in sustainable ecosystems in Nigeria. Through the literature review methodology, the study examines the diversity, functionality, and ecological interactions of microorganisms in various ecosystems across Nigeria, including forests, savannas, wetlands, and agricultural lands. Through empirical research, meta-analyses, and theoretical frameworks, the study elucidates the importance of microbial communities for sustaining ecosystem processes and resilience. Key findings highlight the impacts of environmental stressors such as land use change and climate change on soil microbial communities, emphasising the need for integrated land management practices and policy frameworks to preserve microbial biodiversity and ecosystem services. The study concludes that microbial diversity, functionality, and interactions is of critical importance for maintaining ecological balance and sustaining ecosystem services. Recommendations include enhanced monitoring and research, capacity building, policy integration, community engagement, and adaptive management strategies.