The goal of this Special Issue is to highlight the research frontier of river ecological restoration and groundwater artificial recharge, considering worldwide river shrinkage and groundwater depletion. After peer review, organized by the journal, and the selection of our Special Issue, 15 papers were finally selected and published in this Special Issue. The papers can generally be classified according to the following topic areas: (1) identifying and characterizing the complex hydrological processes in the river ecological restoration or groundwater artificial recharge; (2) characterizing the impacts of the river ecological restoration or groundwater artificial recharge on the physiochemical and biological evolution of and the ecological risk to aquatic environments; and (3) demonstrating the redistribution of water resources and the safety of water quality in the river ecological restoration or groundwater artificial recharge. We believe that these high-quality papers have important reference value for the sustainable management of water resources and the ecological protection of water.